{"id":10247,"date":"2018-01-26T01:31:40","date_gmt":"2018-01-26T01:31:40","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.softwareeverydayblog.com\/?p=10247"},"modified":"2018-12-02T03:30:55","modified_gmt":"2018-12-02T03:30:55","slug":"chemistry-101","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.softwareeverydayblog.com\/?p=10247","title":{"rendered":"Chemistry 101"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong><span style=\"font-size:16px; color: #FF4000\">Basic Information<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Number of protons in the element define the element. Neutrons can change, electrons can change, but if protons change you have a different element.<\/li>\n<li>Fundamental elements (or elements with different number of protons in the nucleus) are found in the periodic table<\/li>\n<li>Number of protons is the atomic number (Z) of the element<\/li>\n<li>Number of neutrons (N) + number of protons (Z) = atomic mass number (A)<\/li>\n<li>Isotopes are atoms of the same element which differ in number of neutrons (i.e. they differ in mass). [<a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=I-Or4bUAIfo\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Image courtesy: https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=I-Or4bUAIfo<\/a>]<br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.softwareeverydayblog.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/hydrogen-isotopes-e1518082477764.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.softwareeverydayblog.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/hydrogen-isotopes-e1518082477764.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"284\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-10267\" \/><\/a><\/li>\n<li>Same number of protons and electrons means it&#8217;s neutral. Neutral atom can become +ve or -ve if they depending on shedding or adding electrons.<\/li>\n<li>Most of all living things made out of carbon. ~1 million carbon atoms across width of the hair<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong><span style=\"font-size:16px; color: #FF4000\">What are ions?<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Carbon has 6 protons (and that is what it makes it carbon atom).<\/li>\n<li>A neutral carbon atom has 6 protons + 6 electrons. Usually when we use the term atom we refer to neutral atom.<\/li>\n<li>The way you get an ion is when you DON&#8217;T have the same number of protons and electrons.<\/li>\n<li>A carbon atom with 6 protons and 5 electrons is a positive ion (or Cation denoted by C<superscript>+<\/superscript>)<\/li>\n<li>A carbon atom with 6 protons and 7 electrons is a negative ion (or Anion denoted by C<superscript>&#8211;<\/superscript>)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong><span style=\"font-size:16px; color: #FF4000\">Electron configuration<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The electron diagrams that we see follow the bohr model which depicts the atom as a small, positively charged nucleus surrounded by electrons that travel in circular orbits around the nucleus\u2014similar to the structure of the Solar System.<\/li>\n<li>It is used to predict reactivity in elements which refers to how likely an element is to form a compound with another element.<\/li>\n<li>Valence electrons (the electrons on the last energy level) determine reactivity<\/li>\n<li><strong>Rules we follow when laying out the model<\/strong>\n<ol>\n<li>Max no. of electrons in a shell given by 2n<sup>2<\/sup>, e.g. 2, 8, 16, 32, 50&#8230;<\/li>\n<li>Max no. of electrons in the outermost shell is 8<\/li>\n<li>Electrons are not accommodated in a given shell, unless the inner shells are filled.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong><span style=\"font-size:16px; color: #FF4000\">Ionic bonding<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>[Images Courtesy: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=Qf07-8Jhhpc\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=Qf07-8Jhhpc<\/a>]<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Every atom wants a full valance shell!<br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.softwareeverydayblog.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/ionic-bonding-e1528447210383.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.softwareeverydayblog.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/ionic-bonding-e1528447210383.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"399\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-10391\" \/><\/a><\/li>\n<li>Sodium gives its one (last) electron (from the valance shell) to chlorine. Now, both valance shells of sodium and chlorine are full.<\/li>\n<li>Sodium now becomes a +ve charged particle while Chlorine becomes a -ve charged particle.<br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.softwareeverydayblog.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pos-neg-particles-e1528448479120.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.softwareeverydayblog.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pos-neg-particles-e1528448479120.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"406\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-10395\" \/><\/a><\/li>\n<li>Opposite charges attract, so both these atoms are attracted to each other forming sodium-chloride<br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.softwareeverydayblog.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/opp-charges-attract-e1528448512460.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.softwareeverydayblog.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/opp-charges-attract-e1528448512460.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"200\" height=\"207\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-10396\" \/><\/a><\/li>\n<li>Ok, so one of the sodium electrons went to chlorine. Why didn&#8217;t the 7 electrons from Chlorine come to sodium?<br \/>\nAnswer is electronegativity. A measure of how badly an atom wants electrons!<br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.softwareeverydayblog.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/electronegativity-e1528723887465.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.softwareeverydayblog.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/electronegativity-e1528723887465.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"326\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-10410\" \/><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Basic Information Number of protons in the element define the element. Neutrons can change, electrons can change, but if protons change you have a different element. Fundamental elements (or elements with different number of protons in the nucleus) are found in the periodic table Number of protons is the atomic number (Z) of the element [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-10247","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-uncategorized"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.softwareeverydayblog.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10247","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.softwareeverydayblog.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.softwareeverydayblog.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.softwareeverydayblog.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.softwareeverydayblog.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=10247"}],"version-history":[{"count":20,"href":"https:\/\/www.softwareeverydayblog.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10247\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":10698,"href":"https:\/\/www.softwareeverydayblog.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10247\/revisions\/10698"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.softwareeverydayblog.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=10247"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.softwareeverydayblog.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=10247"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.softwareeverydayblog.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=10247"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}